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Nadar was the pseudonym of Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (6 April 1820 – 23 March 1910), a French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist, and balloonist. Examples of Nadar's photographic portraits are held by many of the great national collections of photographs. ==Life== Nadar was born in April 1820 in Paris (though some sources state Lyon). His father, Victor Tournachon, was a printer and bookseller. After his father's death, Nadar decided to quit his medical studies for economic reasons. Nadar started working as a caricaturist and novelist for various newspapers. He fell in with the Parisian bohemian group: Gérard de Nerval, Charles Baudelaire and Théodore de Banville. His friends picked a nickname for him: Tournadar, which later became Nadar. His work was published in ''Le Charivari'' for the first time in 1848. In 1849, he founded the ''Revue comique'' and the ''Petit journal pour rire''. From work as a caricaturist, he moved on to photography, particularly portraits. He opened his photography studio in rue Saint Lazare in 1854 and moved to 35 Boulevard des Capucines in 1860. Nadar photographed a wide range of personalities: politicians (Guizot, Proudhon), stage actors (Sarah Bernhardt), writers (Hugo, Baudelaire, Sand, Nerval, Gautier, Dumas), painters (Corot, Delacroix, Millet), and musicians (Liszt, Rossini, Offenbach, Berlioz). Portrait photography was going through a period of native industrialization and Nadar refused to use the traditional sumptuous decors, preferred natural daylight and despised useless accessories. In 1886, with his son Paul, he did what may be the first photo-report: an interview with the great scientist Chevreul (who was then 100 years old). It was published in le ''Journal Illustré''. He took his first photographs in 1853 and in 1855 opened a photographic studio at 25 Boulevard des Capucines〔Holmes 2013, p.158〕 and in 1858 he became the first person to take aerial photographs. This was done using the wet plate collodion process, and since the plates had to be prepared and developed while the balloon was aloft Nadar experienced problems caused by the chemical action on the plates of gas escaping from the balloon, eventually overcome by using a gas-proof cotton cover over the balloon basket.〔Holmes 2013, p.159〕 He also pioneered the use of artificial lighting in photography, working in the catacombs of Paris. He was the first person to photograph above ground with his balloons, as well as the first to photograph below ground, in the Parisian catacombs. In 1863, Nadar commissioned the prominent balloonist Eugène Godard to construct an enormous balloon, high and with a capacity of , and named ''Le Géant'' ("The Giant"),〔Holmes 2013, p. 164〕 thereby inspiring Jules Verne's ''Five Weeks in a Balloon''. The "Géant" was badly damaged at the end of its second flight, leading Nadar to the conviction that the future belonged to heavier-than-air machines. Later, "The Society for the Encouragement of Aerial Locomotion by Means of Heavier than Air Machines" was established, with Nadar as president and Verne as secretary. Nadar was also the inspiration for the character of Michael Ardan in Verne's ''From the Earth to the Moon''. On his visit to Brussels with the ''Géant'', on 26 September 1864, Nadar erected mobile barriers to keep the crowd at a safe distance. Up to this day, crowd control barriers are known in Belgium as ''Nadar barriers''. During the Siege of Paris in 1870–71 Nadar was instrumental in the organisation of balloons flights carrying mail to reconnect the besieged Parisians with the rest of the world, thus establishing the world's first airmail service.〔Holmes 2013, p. 260〕 In April 1874, he lent his photo studio to a group of painters to present the first exhibition of the Impressionists . He photographed Victor Hugo on his death-bed in 1885. He is credited with having published (in 1886) the first ''photo-interview'' (of famous chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul, then a centenarian), and also took erotic photographs. From 1895 until his return to Paris in 1909, the Nadar photo studio was in Marseilles (France). Nadar died in 1910, aged 89. He was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nadar (photographer)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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